What is dandb number - Both numbers can also be obtained for free. One of the differences between the two is that a D-U-N-S Number is affiliated with a company’s Live Business Identity (which is derived from the Dun & Bradstreet Data Cloud) and an EIN is not. A company is not issued a D-U-N-S Number when it applies for an EIN, because EINs are issued by the IRS for ...

 
The PAYDEX measures a business’s past payment performance based on information in the Dun & Bradstreet Data Cloud. On a scale of 1 to 100, scores of 80 and above are considered low risk and could potentially increase a business’s credibility to creditors. A business’s PAYDEX Score is roughly equivalent to an individual’s FICO credit ... . Victoriapercent27s secret bombshell beach

The report includes the company name, address and phone number, along with any available "doing business as" information. It gives a credit rating, which isn't a credit score per se.The D-U-N-S Number is a unique nine-digit identifier for businesses. It is used to establish a D&B business credit file, which is often referenced by lenders and potential business partners to help predict the reliability and/or financial stability of the company in question. “D-U-N-S,” which stands for Data Universal Numbering System, is ... Leap Into Malaysia’s Digital Economy With 5G. Digital Nasional Berhad has identified several major industries that could be early beneficiaries of the 5G deployment, including oil and gas, ports, tourism, education, healthcare, agriculture, manufacturing, retail, as well as power and utilities. D-U-N-S ® Number. D-U-N-S. Number. The D-U-N-S Number is a unique nine-digit number that identifies business entities on a location-specific basis. Assigned and maintained by Dun & Bradstreet (D&B), the D-U-N-S Number is widely used as a standard business identifier. Your D-U-N-S Number will be used to check the identity and legal entity ... D-U-N-S® Manager Dun & Bradstreet ... ChatD-U-N-S ® Number. D-U-N-S. Number. The D-U-N-S Number is a unique nine-digit number that identifies business entities on a location-specific basis. Assigned and maintained by Dun & Bradstreet (D&B), the D-U-N-S Number is widely used as a standard business identifier. Your D-U-N-S Number will be used to check the identity and legal entity ... number card. For example, if the Social Security of the wage earner number is 123-45-6789, then once you apply for retirement benefits; your claim number is 123-45-6789A. This number will also be used as your Medicare claim number, once you are eligible for Medicare. Code Identification. A Primary claimant (wage earner) B Aged wife, age 62 or over2. Register for a Dun & Bradstreet D-U-N-S ® Number. The D-U-N-S Number is a unique identifier for your business, and it’s available for free from Dun & Bradstreet. This will be the number some lenders and potential business partners use to check your business’s credit profile, so you want to have it available before applying for a loan. 3.First, go to the Dun & Bradstreet D-U-N-S Number lookup website, enter your business name, city, and state in the search box, and then click on the search button. (You can always click on the "Start a Live Chat" tab if you need additional help or have specific questions.) Once you click on the search button to search for your company you’ll ...Get a free D-U-N-S Number. If your company is located outside of the U.S., please contact the Dun & Bradstreet office in your country. * process can otherwise take up to 30 business days. D-U-N-S ® Number delivery will occur in up to 8 business days * after you have successfully completed and submitted the online D-U-N-S Number registration ...The D&B number (D-U-N-S® Number) is a Unique 9-Digit Identifier for your Businesses. It is used to establish a business credit file, which is often referenced by lenders and potential business partners to help predict the reliability and/or financial stability of the company in question.Search by Company Registration Number. Find a UK company's D-U-N-S Number by entering the full Company Registration Number. Please ensure you include any leading zeros or any prefixed letter(s).How to Get a D&B Report. There are three steps to getting a Dun & Bradstreet credit report. 1. Visit the D&B Report Website. You can get your own Dun & Bradstreet report online on the D&B website. Once you’re on the first page, you’ll need to click on “DUNS Number Lookup” under the “DUNS Number” dropdown menu.Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Memorial Medical College is a prestigious college which is located in Amravati and offers a large number of medical courses. KJ Somaiya Medical College is one of the most popular colleges located in Mumbai. This college offers a large number of medical courses at the UG and PG level. Location: Amravati: Mumbai: Average ...Feb 8, 2023 · Getting a free Dun & Bradstreet D-U-N-S Number is one of the first steps in the process to establish credit. It’s the identifying number for a business in the Dun & Bradstreet commercial credit database, and your business must be assigned one in order to create a business credit profile in their system. In addition to potentially establishing ... D&B Hoovers leverages the world's largest commercial data cloud with more than 170 million business records and analytics to deliver a sales intelligence solution that enables sales and marketing professionals to focus on the right prospects so they can generate immediate growth for their business. Download D&B Hoovers Product Brochure.The PAYDEX Score is a dollar-weighted indicator intended to reflect a business’s past payment performance. Companies receive a score between 1 and 100, where a higher number represents a greater likelihood that a business will pay its debts on time. This proprietary score is calculated based upon Trade Experiences, which are records of ... Dun & Bradstreet offers products specifically designed to help businesses understand and monitor credit on themselves and their business partners– everything from single business credit reports to full-service solutions aimed at helping you grow your business. Start today by signing up for CreditSignal for FREE.*. Try CreditSignal today for FREE! We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.Data Universal Number System (DUNS) Number • The Data Universal Numbering System (DUNS) number is a unique nine-digit identification number provided by Dun & Bradstreet (D&B). • The DUNS Number is site-specific. Therefore, each distinct physical location of an entity (such as branches, divisions, and headquarters) may be assigned a DUNS number.DUNS Number: A data universal numbering system (DUNS) number is a nine-digit number that uniquely identifies a business. Dun & Bradstreet (D&B) created the number, which generates a business ...Feb 26, 2014 · A D&B Number also known as the D-U-N-S® Number or Dun & Bradstreet ID Number is a 9 digit number that is unique to each business that has one. This numbering system, known as the Data Universal Numbering System, was developed by Dun & Bradstreet back in 1963 in order to help standardize business information. Corporate Headquarters (US) 5335 Gate Parkway. Jacksonville, FL 32256. (904)-648-6350. Get Directions.D-U-N-S ® Number. D-U-N-S. Number. The D-U-N-S Number is a unique nine-digit number that identifies business entities on a location-specific basis. Assigned and maintained by Dun & Bradstreet (D&B), the D-U-N-S Number is widely used as a standard business identifier. Your D-U-N-S Number will be used to check the identity and legal entity ...If you’re a U.S.-based, non-public company, you can view and request updates to your company’s business information for free through the D-U-N-S Manager. Learn More Do Companies Require a D-U-N-S Number? Many businesses will use your D-U-N-S Number to access your company’s Dun & Bradstreet credit profile to help evaluate you as a partner.A D&B Number also known as the D-U-N-S® Number or Dun & Bradstreet ID Number is a 9 digit number that is unique to each business that has one. This numbering system, known as the Data Universal Numbering System, was developed by Dun & Bradstreet back in 1963 in order to help standardize business information.See full list on investopedia.com Select your country or region to learn about our products and solutions, view our insights, and more, all in your preferred language. Feb 26, 2014 · A D&B Number also known as the D-U-N-S® Number or Dun & Bradstreet ID Number is a 9 digit number that is unique to each business that has one. This numbering system, known as the Data Universal Numbering System, was developed by Dun & Bradstreet back in 1963 in order to help standardize business information. Jun 17, 2023 · 1. Verify your identity. When you are ready to proceed with your application, you can go to the website and click through to request your D-U-N-S number. If you are a US company you will be taken to the government's iUpdate portal. Oct 17, 2022 · How to obtain D&B credit scores. The first step on how to get a Dun and Bradstreet rating is to create a D-U-N-S number, which you can do online. This number will allow you to build your score ... Use our contacts database of over 100 million contacts to get access to phone numbers, email addresses, and job titles. Start your sales research here. Diplomat of National Board. Miscellaneous » Unclassified. Rate it: DNB. Also stand for Dutch National Bank. Business » Banking. Rate it: DNB. Died Non Battle.Types, Definitions & More. A D&B Rating is a type of credit score used to evaluate the creditworthiness of small businesses. D&B, short for Dun & Bradstreet, is one of three major small-business credit reporting agencies, the others being Equifax and Experian. Business credit scores are not as familiar as personal credit scores. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.The number itself contains no data or implies nothing about the stability, creditworthiness, or diversity of a business. However, it is a key that can be used to unlock data that helps a business do their due diligence and arrive at their own conclusion about that potential partner’s stability, creditworthiness or compliance with supplier ...The D-U-N-S Number is a unique nine-digit identifier for businesses. It is used to establish a D&B business credit file, which is often referenced by lenders and potential business partners to help predict the reliability and/or financial stability of the company in question. “D-U-N-S,” which stands for Data Universal Numbering System, is ... Here are the steps to find the appropriate number for your goods using the U.S. Census Bureau’s Schedule B search engine. To find the Schedule B search engine, you should start at census.gov/trade and click on the gray Schedule B tab. The link to the search engine is located in the second red box labeled Schedule B Search.Use our commercial database of more than 120 million business records & industry directory for company research & industry analysis. Start sales research here. Introducing D&B Connect Faster and Easier Access to Your Data and Insights - Transform how you use data to grow your business with D&B Connect™ Learn More. Finance Solutions Efficiency demands intelligence. Dun & Bradstreet offers powerful solutions to streamline your finance operations, manage risk, and enhance business insights. E ... Free D-U-N-S Number Services. Search for a D-U-N-S Number: Search for a company by name, location, or telephone number; DUNS Manager: View, print, and manage information in your company’s D&B file; Free D-U-N-S Number: Get a D-U-N-S Number in up to 30 days through the standard request process; Expedited D-U-N-S Number ServicesUse our commercial database of more than 120 million business records & industry directory for company research & industry analysis. Start sales research here. Jun 12, 2023 · A DUNS number, or Data Universal Numbering System number, is a unique nine-digit identifier assigned to businesses. It’s a key tool in establishing credibility and recognition, which are vital for attracting customers, accessing new resources, and driving growth in the competitive marketplace of today. D&B provides Scores and Ratings to help you identify organisations that are likely to fail or pay late. This helps you to drive growth and increase profitability by: Allowing automated decisions for increased efficiency, which will free up valuable resources to focus on more important decisions. Enabling more consistent decisions across the ...A Schedule B number is an export code assigned by the U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division to classify all exported physical products. The code provides a way for companies to find the import nation’s specific product number, thereby determining duty rate. All codes are part of the international Harmonized System (HS).You consent to Dun & Bradstreet (D&B) using this data for marketing and analytical purposes, and to D&B emailing you or using an autodialer or pre-recorded voice to text or call you at the number you provide with marketing or other offers. Consent is not a requirement of purchase.A D-U-N-S ® Number is a 9-digit unique identifier for businesses. Live Business Identity, which is derived from the Dun & Bradstreet Data Cloud and aggregates all the information provided for any given entity within the Data Cloud, starts with the Dun & Bradstreet D-U-N-S ® Number. A D-U-N-S ® Number is assigned once our patented identity ...Normal processing can take up to 30 business days. If you purchase an expedited* D-U-N-S Number you can get your D-U-N-S Number within eight business days*. Step 4. You may be contacted by a representative of Dun & Bradstreet to validate your information. Once your information has been authenticated, the process is complete.How to obtain D&B credit scores. The first step on how to get a Dun and Bradstreet rating is to create a D-U-N-S number, which you can do online. This number will allow you to build your score ...Search by Company Registration Number. Find a UK company's D-U-N-S Number by entering the full Company Registration Number. Please ensure you include any leading zeros or any prefixed letter(s).The PAYDEX Score is a dollar-weighted indicator intended to reflect a business’s past payment performance. Companies receive a score between 1 and 100, where a higher number represents a greater likelihood that a business will pay its debts on time. This proprietary score is calculated based upon Trade Experiences, which are records of ...Get the information and tools you need to get your business startedUse our commercial database of more than 120 million business records & industry directory for company research & industry analysis. Start sales research here.The number itself contains no data or implies nothing about the stability, creditworthiness, or diversity of a business. However, it is a key that can be used to unlock data that helps a business do their due diligence and arrive at their own conclusion about that potential partner’s stability, creditworthiness or compliance with supplier ...If you purchase an expedited* D-U-N-S Number you can get your D-U-N-S Number within eight business days*. Step 4. You may be contacted by a representative of Dun & Bradstreet to validate your information. Once your information has been authenticated, the process is complete. You will receive your D-U-N-S Number in an email from Dun & Bradstreet. Definition of the D&B D-U-N-S Number: The D&B D-U-N-S® Number is a unique nine-digit identifier for businesses. It is used to establish a Dun & Bradstreet business credit file, which is often referenced by lenders and potential business partners to help predict the reliability and/or financial stability of the company in question. 2. Register for a Dun & Bradstreet D-U-N-S ® Number. The D-U-N-S Number is a unique identifier for your business, and it’s available for free from Dun & Bradstreet. This will be the number some lenders and potential business partners use to check your business’s credit profile, so you want to have it available before applying for a loan. 3.Aug 8, 2017 · – Includes year founded, number of employees, working capital, sales data and net worth information. • D&B rating – Provides information on the size of the company and its overall credit worthiness. • D&B PAYDEX score – Rates the ability of the company to make payments over the past 2 years. • Predictive analytics We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.Not hard at all. Just go to D&B's site to Apply for a D& B Number. After completing the form, you will receive your D&B number (i.e. your D-U-N-S Number) within 30 business days. If you need to change your information in the future, you can do so by using D&B's eUpdate tool. Need a D&B number faster than 30 days?Search by Company Registration Number. Find a UK company's D-U-N-S Number by entering the full Company Registration Number. Please ensure you include any leading zeros or any prefixed letter (s). If your company is based outside of the UK or Ireland, please use our International D‑U‑N‑S FAQ page to locate your local office.Data Universal Numbering System. The Data Universal Numbering System, abbreviated as DUNS or D-U-N-S, is a proprietary system developed and managed by Dun & Bradstreet (D&B) that assigns a unique numeric identifier, referred to as a "DUNS number" to a single business entity. It was introduced in 1963 to support D&B's credit reporting practice.A D&B rating has three characters. The first two estimate your business's net worth or equity, because bigger companies are considered more creditworthy than small ones. The third is the composite credit appraisal, a score of 1 to 4 that shows D&B's assessment of your financial reliability. A ranking of 5A1 is the highest score.First, go to the Dun & Bradstreet D-U-N-S Number lookup website, enter your business name, city, and state in the search box, and then click on the search button. (You can always click on the "Start a Live Chat" tab if you need additional help or have specific questions.) Once you click on the search button to search for your company you’ll ... The first step required when registering for a DUNS Number. 2. Search Your Company. Next, D&B will ask for your business name and address. Upon hitting the search button, D&B’s database will check to see if your business is in their system. If your company information is in the system, it means that D&B already has a profile and DUNS Number ...Learn what a Dun & Bradstreet D-U-N-S® Number is and what it can mean to your business. Credibility Insights Timely and informative information for business owners looking to grow and hire . Free Solutions DUNS Manager View, print, and manage information in your company’s D&B® file. CreditSignal2. Register for a Dun & Bradstreet D-U-N-S ® Number. The D-U-N-S Number is a unique identifier for your business, and it’s available for free from Dun & Bradstreet. This will be the number some lenders and potential business partners use to check your business’s credit profile, so you want to have it available before applying for a loan. 3.There are few different ways to get a DUNS number. You can visit D&B's DUNSFile page or call 1-866-374-0441. Since 1981, Harvard Business Services, Inc. has helped form 374,360 Delaware corporations and LLCs for people all over the world. Harvard Business Services, Inc. guarantees your annual Delaware Registered Agent Fee will remain fixed at ... Apr 7, 2009 · Not hard at all. Just go to D&B's site to Apply for a D& B Number. After completing the form, you will receive your D&B number (i.e. your D-U-N-S Number) within 30 business days. If you need to change your information in the future, you can do so by using D&B's eUpdate tool. Need a D&B number faster than 30 days? A D-U-N-S Number is a unique nine-digit identifier for businesses. More than 500 million businesses around the world have D-U-N-S Numbers and use the D-U-N-S system to manage their relationships with other companies. Use our simple D-U-N-S Number Lookup Tool to find your D-U-N-S Number or the number of the many businesses in our database.Feb 16, 2022 · The first step required when registering for a DUNS Number. 2. Search Your Company. Next, D&B will ask for your business name and address. Upon hitting the search button, D&B’s database will check to see if your business is in their system. If your company information is in the system, it means that D&B already has a profile and DUNS Number ... For more than 40 years, the U.S. federal government used the D-U-N-S Number® to track and identify companies that it does business with, including its vast array of suppliers. Providing your D-U-N-S Number was a required step on every bid and application process. The U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) has transitioned to a new process ...Dun & Bradstreet offers a variety of online tools to help you seek to manage your business credit file with 24/7 access to view information in your business credit file, as well as the ability to potentially impact your scores and ratings.* Corporate Headquarters (US) 5335 Gate Parkway. Jacksonville, FL 32256. (904)-648-6350. Get Directions.Data from the Dun & Bradstreet Data Cloud is delivered in packages called Data Blocks - logical, topic-based groupings of data elements. Data Blocks empower clients to easily ingest in a consistent and scalable manner the world-class data they require across their enterprise. Clients can ‘stack’ data blocks together to customize the data ... Country Risk and the Global Outlook - August 2023 The Country Insight Group August 16, 2023 Read Dun & Bradstreet's Country Risk Analysis to see which countries have had their risk indicators upgraded or downgraded, and what the future outlook may hold ...Data Universal Number System (DUNS) Number • The Data Universal Numbering System (DUNS) number is a unique nine-digit identification number provided by Dun & Bradstreet (D&B). • The DUNS Number is site-specific. Therefore, each distinct physical location of an entity (such as branches, divisions, and headquarters) may be assigned a DUNS number. Dun & Bradstreet helps companies improve their business performance through data and insights delivered through our Data Cloud and Live Business IdentityA DBA simply stands for "doing business as," and you'll file a DBA when you want to conduct business under a name of your choosing. DBAs provide flexibility for both sole proprietors and larger corporations. Without a legal background, it's tough to navigate filings and regulations, so we've compiled a guide that breaks down what you should ...A DBA simply stands for "doing business as," and you'll file a DBA when you want to conduct business under a name of your choosing. DBAs provide flexibility for both sole proprietors and larger corporations. Without a legal background, it's tough to navigate filings and regulations, so we've compiled a guide that breaks down what you should ...The PAYDEX measures a business’s past payment performance based on information in the Dun & Bradstreet Data Cloud. On a scale of 1 to 100, scores of 80 and above are considered low risk and could potentially increase a business’s credibility to creditors. A business’s PAYDEX Score is roughly equivalent to an individual’s FICO credit ... Feb 8, 2023 · Getting a free Dun & Bradstreet D-U-N-S Number is one of the first steps in the process to establish credit. It’s the identifying number for a business in the Dun & Bradstreet commercial credit database, and your business must be assigned one in order to create a business credit profile in their system. In addition to potentially establishing ... Getting your D&B D-U-N-S Registered Seal may help you: Differentiate your business from peers and competition. Gain more exposure through the millions of visitors on Dun & Bradstreet’s Business Directory. Give more confidence to potential lenders, suppliers, vendors, and more!1. Verify your identity. When you are ready to proceed with your application, you can go to the website and click through to request your D-U-N-S number. If you are a US company you will be taken to the government's iUpdate portal.Feb 16, 2022 · The first step required when registering for a DUNS Number. 2. Search Your Company. Next, D&B will ask for your business name and address. Upon hitting the search button, D&B’s database will check to see if your business is in their system. If your company information is in the system, it means that D&B already has a profile and DUNS Number ... 2. Register for a Dun & Bradstreet D-U-N-S ® Number. The D-U-N-S Number is a unique identifier for your business, and it’s available for free from Dun & Bradstreet. This will be the number some lenders and potential business partners use to check your business’s credit profile, so you want to have it available before applying for a loan. 3.Jun 17, 2023 · 1. Verify your identity. When you are ready to proceed with your application, you can go to the website and click through to request your D-U-N-S number. If you are a US company you will be taken to the government's iUpdate portal.

A Schedule B number is an export code assigned by the U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division to classify all exported physical products. The code provides a way for companies to find the import nation’s specific product number, thereby determining duty rate. All codes are part of the international Harmonized System (HS).. Wmp i sicav fx pro fund deregistrierung de_2.pdf

what is dandb number

Our Company. Dun & Bradstreet helps companies leverage data and analytical insights to take more intelligent actions that deliver a competitive edge. Data and insights are delivered through the Dun & Bradstreet Data Cloud and the solutions it powers. Vision & Values. History. Security. Our Leadership.Types, Definitions & More. A D&B Rating is a type of credit score used to evaluate the creditworthiness of small businesses. D&B, short for Dun & Bradstreet, is one of three major small-business credit reporting agencies, the others being Equifax and Experian. Business credit scores are not as familiar as personal credit scores.D&B Hoovers leverages the world's largest commercial data cloud with more than 170 million business records and analytics to deliver a sales intelligence solution that enables sales and marketing professionals to focus on the right prospects so they can generate immediate growth for their business. Download D&B Hoovers Product Brochure.Get a D-U-N-S Number for free.) Step 2. Once you’ve identified your company, you must verify your identity. Step 3. As an added security measure, you must provide your business association. You must be the company’s owner, director, or officer to access D-U-N-S Manager. Step 4.Corporate Headquarters (US) 5335 Gate Parkway. Jacksonville, FL 32256. (904)-648-6350. Get Directions.Get a D-U-N-S Number for free.) Step 2. Once you’ve identified your company, you must verify your identity. Step 3. As an added security measure, you must provide your business association. You must be the company’s owner, director, or officer to access D-U-N-S Manager. Step 4.D-U-N-S ® Number. D-U-N-S. Number. The D-U-N-S Number is a unique nine-digit number that identifies business entities on a location-specific basis. Assigned and maintained by Dun & Bradstreet (D&B), the D-U-N-S Number is widely used as a standard business identifier. Your D-U-N-S Number will be used to check the identity and legal entity ...The number itself contains no data or implies nothing about the stability, creditworthiness, or diversity of a business. However, it is a key that can be used to unlock data that helps a business do their due diligence and arrive at their own conclusion about that potential partner’s stability, creditworthiness or compliance with supplier ...Dec 22, 2022 · DUNS Number: A data universal numbering system (DUNS) number is a nine-digit number that uniquely identifies a business. Dun & Bradstreet (D&B) created the number, which generates a business ... Look up a Canada D-U-N-S Number with the company’s name and location. Search Now. (866) 990-5845. Get in touch with D&B Sales for new purchases! (Or visit customer support regarding updates to your D&B company information.)DUNS is an acronym for Data Universal Numbering System and is managed by the Dunn and Bradstreet (D&B) company. D&B is well known as a data & business credit reporting agency that helps vendors assess the risk of extending credit to their customers. The DUNS number is a unique nine-digit identifier issued by Dun & Bradstreet. Getting a free Dun & Bradstreet D-U-N-S Number is one of the first steps in the process to establish credit. It’s the identifying number for a business in the Dun & Bradstreet commercial credit database, and your business must be assigned one in order to create a business credit profile in their system. In addition to potentially establishing ...Dun & Bradstreet helps companies improve their business performance through data and insights delivered through our Data Cloud and Live Business Identity Look up a Canada D-U-N-S Number with the company’s name and location. Search Now. (866) 990-5845. Get in touch with D&B Sales for new purchases! (Or visit customer support regarding updates to your D&B company information.)Normal processing can take up to 30 business days. If you purchase an expedited* D-U-N-S Number you can get your D-U-N-S Number within eight business days*. Step 4. You may be contacted by a representative of Dun & Bradstreet to validate your information. Once your information has been authenticated, the process is complete.Diplomate of National Board (DNB) is a Post-graduate Master's degree same as MD/MS degree awarded to the Specialist Doctors in India after completion of three year residency. DNB courses are run and the degrees are awarded by the National Board of Examinations (NBE), New Delhi, an autonomous academic body under the Ministry of Health and Family ...May 25, 2018 · Both numbers can also be obtained for free. One of the differences between the two is that a D-U-N-S Number is affiliated with a company’s Live Business Identity (which is derived from the Dun & Bradstreet Data Cloud) and an EIN is not. A company is not issued a D-U-N-S Number when it applies for an EIN, because EINs are issued by the IRS for ... A DUNS number, or Data Universal Numbering System number, is a unique nine-digit identifier assigned to businesses. It’s a key tool in establishing credibility and recognition, which are vital for attracting customers, accessing new resources, and driving growth in the competitive marketplace of today.Use our commercial database of more than 120 million business records & industry directory for company research & industry analysis. Start sales research here. .

Popular Topics